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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><small>D</small>-Luciferin</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Chemikalie" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Chemikalie">
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<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Strukturformel
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<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis skin-invert-image" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Allgemeines
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:33%;">Name
</td>
<td><small>D</small>-Luciferin
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Andere Namen
</td>
<td>
<ul><li><small>D</small>-(−)-Luciferin</li>
<li>(<i>S</i>)-2-(6-Hydroxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-2-thiazolin-4-carboxylsäure</li>
<li>4,5-Dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-4-thiazolcarboxylsäure</li>
<li>Firefly Luciferin</li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Summenformel" title="Summenformel">Summenformel</a>
</td>
<td>C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>8</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Externe Identifikatoren/Datenbanken
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" data-expandtext="+" data-collapsetext="−" style="border-top:none; margin:-1px; width:calc(100% + 2px);">
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<td style="width:33%;"><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2591-17-5">2591-17-5</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
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<td style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; border-top:1px solid #FFDEAD; padding:0.2em 0; vertical-align:bottom; width:5%;">
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<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">219-981-3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.018.166">100.018.166</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92934">92934</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.16735812.html">16735812</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63390514" class="extiw external" title="d:Q63390514">Q63390514</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Molare Masse</a>
</td>
<td>280,32 g·<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Sicherheitshinweise
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<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-neutral" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:flex; justify-content:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><i>keine GHS-Piktogramme</i>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="33%" style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed; border-right:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;"><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze" title="H- und P-Sätze">H- und P-Sätze</a>
</td>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">H: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: H-Sätze"></span><i>keine H-Sätze</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">P: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: P-Sätze"></span><i>keine P-Sätze</i><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; font-size:80%; text-align:center; line-height:150%; padding:.25em;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a> (0 °C, 1000 hPa).
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b><small>D</small>-Luciferin</b> (auch <i>Firefly Luciferin</i>) ist eine <a href="Chemische_Verbindung" title="Chemische Verbindung">chemische Verbindung</a> aus der Gruppe der <a href="Luciferine" title="Luciferine">Luciferine</a>, die in <a href="Biolumineszenz" title="Biolumineszenz">biolumineszenten</a> Organismen zur Erzeugung von Licht dienen. In der <a href="Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a> wird Luciferin als <a href="Substrat_(Biochemie)" title="Substrat (Biochemie)">Substrat</a> des <a href="Reporterenzym" title="Reporterenzym">Reporterenzyms</a> <a href="Luciferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Luciferase">Luciferase</a> verwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>In <a href="Leuchtk%C3%A4fer" title="Leuchtkäfer">Leuchtkäfern</a> wird das <small>D</small>-Luciferin in den <a href="Peroxisom" title="Peroxisom">Peroxisomen</a> der Zellen des Leuchtorgans gebildet und zur Lichterzeugung oxidativ decarboxyliert.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"></span></dd>
<dd><small>Decarboxylierung des oxidierten <small>D</small>-Luciferins</small></dd></dl>
<p>Das <small>D</small>-Luciferin wird im Zuge einer Biolumineszenz durch das <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">Enzym</a> Luciferase oxidativ zu Oxyluciferin (oxy-L) decarboxyliert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {LH_{2}+O_{2}+ATP{\xrightarrow[{Mg^{2+}}]{Luciferase}}\ oxy{\text{-}}L+CO_{2}+AMP+PP_{i}+h\nu } }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {LH_{2}+O_{2}+ATP{\xrightarrow[{Mg^{2+}}]{Luciferase}}\ oxy{\text{-}}L+CO_{2}+AMP+PP_{i}+h\nu } }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/910bfa2b41cb3e3e1dbfbafa4289895b5132fa03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.473ex; margin-top: -0.293ex; margin-bottom: -0.532ex; width:60.6ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {LH_{2}+O_{2}+ATP{\xrightarrow[{Mg^{2+}}]{Luciferase}}\ oxy{\text{-}}L+CO_{2}+AMP+PP_{i}+h\nu } }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Reaktion erfolgt <i><a href="In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> bei einem pH-Optimum von 7,8 bei Raumtemperatur. Während die Farbe der Biolumineszenz <i><a href="In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a></i> <a href="Gelbgr%C3%BCn" title="Gelbgrün">gelbgrün</a> bis <a href="Gelb" title="Gelb">gelb</a> ist (552–582 nm), ist das Spektrum <i>in vitro</i> größer. Bei saurem pH-Wert gibt es eine Verschiebung ins Rotspektrum (615 nm). Daneben absorbiert es Licht bei 327 nm und emittiert <a href="Fluoreszenz" title="Fluoreszenz">Fluoreszenz</a> bei 530 nm.
</p><p>Die <a href="Biosynthese" title="Biosynthese">Biosynthese</a> von <small>D</small>- und <small>L</small>-Luciferin erfolgt aus zwei <a href="Cystein" title="Cystein">Cysteinen</a> und <a href="P-Benzochinon" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Benzochinon">p-Benzochinon</a> oder <a href="Hydrochinon" title="Hydrochinon">Hydrochinon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die chemische Synthese erfolgt analog.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p><small>D</small>-Luciferin wird in Verbindung mit der Verwendung von Luciferasen als <a href="Reportergen" title="Reportergen">Reportergen</a> verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Datenblatt <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/SIGMA/L9504">D-Luciferin</a></span> bei <a href="Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a>, abgerufen am 18. Dezember 2017 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/DE/de/sds/SIGMA/L9504?userType=anonymous">PDF</a>).<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. A. Keller, S. Gould, M. Deluca, S. Subramani: <i>Firefly luciferase is targeted to peroxisomes in mammalian cells.</i> In: <i><a href="Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>.</i> Band 84, Nummer 10, Mai 1987, S. 3264–3268, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3554235?dopt=Abstract">PMID 3554235</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304849/">PMC 304849</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. Oba, N. Yoshida, S. Kanie, M. Ojika, S. Inouye: <i>Biosynthesis of firefly luciferin in adult lantern: decarboxylation of L-cysteine is a key step for benzothiazole ring formation in firefly luciferin synthesis.</i> In: <i><a href="PLOS_ONE" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>.</i> Band 8, Nummer 12, 2013, S. e84023, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084023">10.1371/journal.pone.0084023</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24391868?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24391868</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877152/">PMC 3877152</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Kanie, T. Nishikawa, M. Ojika, Y. Oba: <i>One-pot non-enzymatic formation of firefly luciferin in a neutral buffer from p-benzoquinone and cysteine.</i> In: <i><a href="Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>.</i> Band 6, April 2016, S. 24794, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24794">10.1038/srep24794</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27098929?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27098929</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4838837/">PMC 4838837</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Pinto da Silva, J. C. Esteves da Silva: <i>Firefly luciferin as a multifunctional chemiluminescence molecule.</i> In: <i>Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.</i> Band 12, Nummer 9, September 2013, S. 1615–1621, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c3pp50086a">10.1039/c3pp50086a</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712132?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23712132</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Vieira, L. Pinto da Silva, J. C. Esteves da Silva: <i>Advances in the knowledge of light emission by firefly luciferin and oxyluciferin.</i> In: <i>Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.</i> Band 117, Dezember 2012, S. 33–39, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.08.017">10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.08.017</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23026386?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23026386</a>.</span>
</li>
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